Pastoralists in the Modern World

 

1	Describe the life of Dhangars of Maharashtra.
	Ø The Dhangar shepherds - stayed in central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. Ø  By October, they harvest their bajra and move west to Konkan. Ø The Dhangar flocks manure the fields and feed on stubble. Ø The Konkani peasants- give them rice. On set of monsoon left Konkan and return to the dry plateau.
2	How did the life of pastoralists change under the colonial rule? How did the pastoralists cope with the changes in production during the colonial period?
	ü When pasturelands in one place was closed to them, they changed the direction of their movement, reduced the size of the herd, ü Combined pastoral activity with other forms of income and adapted to the changes in the modern world. ü Many poor pastoralists, on the other hand, borrowed money from moneylenders to survive. ü At times they lost their cattle and sheep and became labourers, working on fields or in small towns.
3	How did the Forest Acts change the life of pastoralists?
	ü Forest Acts were enacted to protect and preserve forests for timber which was of commercial importance. These Acts changed the life of pastoralists. ü They were now prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle. ü They were issued permits which monitored their entry into and exit from forests
4	Compare the lives of African pastoralists with pastoralists in India during the colonial period.
	Ø All uncultivated land was seen as wasteland by colonial powers. Ø This land was brought under cultivation. Ø  In most areas the lands taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by pastoralists. So, expansion of cultivation inevitably meant the decline of pastures and a problem both for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai. Ø From the 19th century onwards, the colonial government started imposing restrictions on the pastoral communities.
5	‘In Maasai land, as elsewhere in Africa, not all pastoralists were equally affected by the changes in the colonial period.’ Explain.
	v In Maasai land, as elsewhere in Africa, not all pastoralists were equally affected by the changes in the colonial period. v To administer the affairs of Maasai, the British appointed chiefs who were made responsible for the affairs of the people. v These chiefs often accumulated wealth with which they could buy animals, goods and land. v They lent money to poor neighbours who needed to pay taxes. Many of them began living in cities and started new business and earned money. v Thus, these chiefs had both pastoral and non-pastoral income. v But the poor pastoralists who depended only on their livestock did not have resources to tide over bad times.

MAP Work

Making of Regional Culture

 

1	Match the following
	Anantavarnam         –       Orissa Jagannatha              –        Kangra Mahodayapurma   –        Kerala Lilatilakam             –        Kerala Mangalakavya       –        Bengal Miniature              –         Kangra
2	What is Manipravalam? Name a book written in that language.
	Ø The Lilatilakam, dealing with grammar and poetics, was composed in Manipravalam Ø literally, “diamonds and corals” referring to the two languages, Sanskrit and the regional language.
3	Who were the major patrons of Kathak?
	Ø Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh. Ø The courts of Rajasthan (Jaipur).
4	What are the Important architectural features of the temples of Bengal?
	Ø Double roofed or dochala, four roofed (chauchala). Ø Comparative more complex-four roofed structures-four triangular roofs placed on four walls moved up to coverage on curved line or a point. Ø Built on a square platform. Ø Interior plain.
5	Why did minstrels proclaim the achievements of heroes?
	ü Minstrels used to recite poems and songs which depicted the stories of the ‘Rajputs’ heroic deeds. ü By reciting such poems and songs these minstrels inspired others to follow the examples of Rajputs. ü Ordinary people were also attracted by these stories.
6	Why do we know much more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people?
	Ø The ordinary people followed the cultural practices adopted by their kings/emperors. Ø Moreover, people had faith in their rulers. Ø They could not adopt other cultural practices which their rulers did not practise.
7	Why did conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri?
	Ø The temple of Jagannatha at Puri gained importance as a centre of pilgrimage. Ø Its authority in social and political matters also increased. Hence, conquerors tried to establish control over the temple. Ø They felt that this would make their rule acceptable to the local people.
8	Why were temples built in Bengal?
	Ø Increase in religious faith. Ø Powerful people wanted to demonstrate their power and proclaim their piety. Ø New economic opportunities to people also helped in temple setting up. Ø Support of low social groups.

 

INDUSTRIES- MAP WORK

 Iron and Steel Industries

When People Rebel 1857 and After MAP WORK

 Main centres of the Revolt

POPULATION

1	POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION
	Census          It is an official enumeration of population done periodically. In India, the first census was held in the year 1872. The first complete census, however, was taken in the year 1881. Since then, censuses have been held regularly every tenth year. Census 2011 v 1,210.6 million (17.5% of the world’s population)
2	India’s Population Distribution by Density
	UP-199million     Sikkim- 0.6 million     Lakshadweep- 64,429 people     Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.     Rajasthan, the biggest state in terms of area, has only 5.5 % of the total population of India. India’s Population Distribution by Density Population Density:  The number of persons per unit area. The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per sq km.  Densities vary from 1,102 persons per sq km in Bihar to only 17 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh.
3	Population Growth and Processes of Population Change Population Growth: Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during a specific period of time, say during the last 10 years. The Annual Growth Rate: The rate or the pace of population increase is the other important aspect. It is studied in per cent per annum, e.g. a rate of increase of 2 per cent per annum means that in a given year, there was an increase of two persons for every 100 persons in the base population. This is referred to as the annual growth rate. Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. Death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal (within the country) or international (between the countries)
4	Adolescent Population: (age group 10-19 years) It constitutes one-fifth of the total population of India. They are the most important resource for the future
5	National Population Policy Ø The Family Welfare Programme has sought to promote responsible and planned parenthood on a voluntary basis. Ø The NPP 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education up to 14 years of age, reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per1000 live births, achieving universal immunization of children against all vaccine preventable diseases, promoting delayed marriage for girls, and making family welfare a people-centered programmed.

 

TRADERS KINGS AND PILGRIMS

 

1	Match the Following-
	1.    Muvendar               =         Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas 2.    Lords of the Dakshinapatha   =   Satavahana ruler 3.    Ashvaghosha           =      Buddhacharita 4.    Bodhisattvas           =      Mahayana Buddhism 5.    Xuan Zang              =   Chinese pilgrim
2	Why did kings want to control the Silk Route?
	Ø Kings wanted to control the Silk Route because they could benefit from taxes, tributes and gifts that were brought by traders and the people along the route.
3	What kinds of evidence do historians use to find out about trade and trade routes?
	Ø Northern Black Polished Ware: information about bowls and plates which were found from several sites throughout the subcontinent. Ø Sangam poems: Here is one example which describes the goods brought into Puhar an important port on the east coast: Ø Many Roman gold coins have been found in south India. These coins are considered great proofs of trade relations between ancient India and Roman empire.
4	What were the main features of Bhakti?
	Ø Bhakti is generally understood as a person’s devotion to his or her chosen deity. Ø The idea of Bhakti is present in the Bhagavad Gita, a sacred book of the Hindus. Ø Bhakti emphasized devotion and individual worship of a single god or goddess. Ø Deities who were worshipped through Bhakti included Shiva, Vishnu and goddesses such as Durga.
5	Discuss the reasons why the Chinese pilgrims came to India?
	ü The Chinese pilgrims (Fa-Xian, Xuan Zang and I-Qing) came to India to visit places associated with the life and teachings of the Buddha as well as famous monasteries. ü They had in Buddhist religious books also. They carried some books back with them.
6	How do you think wars affect the lives of ordinary people today?
	Ø They are killed in a large number. Ø Their property-houses, shops, etc. are destroyed. Ø Wars create violence and disturbances in society. Ø Wars waste economic and other resources. The government generally imposed more taxes on the people.
7	Why do you think ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti?
	v I think that ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti because Bhakt-saint used the language of people, which they could understand easily. v The saints emphasized the worship of certain deities, which became a central feature of later Hinduism, gained in importance. v Anybody, whether rich or poor, belonging to the so called ‘high’ or ‘low’ castes, man or woman, could follow the path of Bhakti.
8	List five things that you buy from the market. Which of these are made in the city/village in which you live and which are brought by traders from other areas?